SUSE update for xen
| Risk | Medium |
| Patch available | YES |
| Number of vulnerabilities | 4 |
| CVE-ID | CVE-2022-42331 CVE-2022-42332 CVE-2022-42333 CVE-2022-42334 |
| CWE-ID | CWE-1037 CWE-416 CWE-264 |
| Exploitation vector | Network |
| Public exploit | N/A |
| Vulnerable software |
Server Applications Module Operating systems & Components / Operating system SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro for Rancher Operating systems & Components / Operating system SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 Operating systems & Components / Operating system SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 Operating systems & Components / Operating system SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15 Operating systems & Components / Operating system SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 Operating systems & Components / Operating system SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 Operating systems & Components / Operating system Basesystem Module Operating systems & Components / Operating system openSUSE Leap Micro Operating systems & Components / Operating system SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro Operating systems & Components / Operating system SUSE Manager Retail Branch Server Operating systems & Components / Operating system SUSE Manager Server Operating systems & Components / Operating system SUSE Manager Proxy Operating systems & Components / Operating system openSUSE Leap Operating systems & Components / Operating system xen-tools-xendomains-wait-disk Operating systems & Components / Operating system package or component xen-libs-32bit-debuginfo Operating systems & Components / Operating system package or component xen-libs-32bit Operating systems & Components / Operating system package or component xen-tools Operating systems & Components / Operating system package or component xen Operating systems & Components / Operating system package or component xen-tools-debuginfo Operating systems & Components / Operating system package or component xen-devel Operating systems & Components / Operating system package or component xen-tools-domU-debuginfo Operating systems & Components / Operating system package or component xen-doc-html Operating systems & Components / Operating system package or component xen-tools-domU Operating systems & Components / Operating system package or component xen-libs Operating systems & Components / Operating system package or component xen-libs-debuginfo Operating systems & Components / Operating system package or component xen-debugsource Operating systems & Components / Operating system package or component |
| Vendor | SUSE |
Security Bulletin
This security bulletin contains information about 4 vulnerabilities.
1) Processor optimization removal or modification of security-critical code
EUVDB-ID: #VU73892
Risk: Medium
CVSSv4.0: 6.1 [CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U/U:Green]
CVE-ID: CVE-2022-42331
CWE-ID:
CWE-1037 - Processor optimization removal or modification of security-critical code
Exploit availability: No
DescriptionThe vulnerability allows an attacker to escalate privileges on the system.
The vulnerability exists due to an oversight in the very original Spectre/Meltdown security work (XSA-254) caused by an unprotected RET instruction. An attacker with access to the guest OS can infer the contents of arbitrary host memory, including memory assigned to other guests.
Update the affected package xen to the latest version.
Vulnerable software versionsServer Applications Module: 15-SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro for Rancher: 5.3
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15: SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15: SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15: SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15: SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15: SP4
Basesystem Module: 15-SP4
openSUSE Leap Micro: 5.3
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro: 5.3
SUSE Manager Retail Branch Server: 4.3
SUSE Manager Server: 4.3
SUSE Manager Proxy: 4.3
openSUSE Leap: 15.4
xen-tools-xendomains-wait-disk: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-libs-32bit-debuginfo: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-libs-32bit: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-tools: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-tools-debuginfo: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-devel: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-tools-domU-debuginfo: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-doc-html: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-tools-domU: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-libs: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-libs-debuginfo: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-debugsource: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
CPE2.3- cpe:2.3:o:suse:server_applications_module:15-SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_micro_for_rancher:5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_server_for_sap_applications_15:SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_server_15:SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_real_time_15:SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_high_performance_computing_15:SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_desktop_15:SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:basesystem_module:15-SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:opensuse_leap_micro:5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_micro:5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_manager_retail_branch_server:4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_manager_server:4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_manager_proxy:4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:opensuse_leap:15.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-tools-xendomains-wait-disk:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-libs-32bit-debuginfo:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-libs-32bit:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-tools:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-tools-debuginfo:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-devel:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-tools-domu-debuginfo:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-doc-html:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-tools-domu:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-libs:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-libs-debuginfo:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-debugsource:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
https://www.suse.com/support/update/announcement/2023/suse-su-20230848-1/
Q & A
Can this vulnerability be exploited remotely?
Yes. This vulnerability can be exploited by a remote authenticated privileged user via the Internet.
Is there known malware, which exploits this vulnerability?
No. We are not aware of malware exploiting this vulnerability.
2) Use-after-free
EUVDB-ID: #VU73893
Risk: Medium
CVSSv4.0: 4.8 [CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U/U:Green]
CVE-ID: CVE-2022-42332
CWE-ID:
CWE-416 - Use After Free
Exploit availability: No
DescriptionThe vulnerability allows an attacker to compromise vulnerable system.
The vulnerability exists due to a use-after-free error when guests are running in the shadow mode. An attacker with access to the guest OS can trigger a use-after-free error and escalate privileges on the system.
Update the affected package xen to the latest version.
Vulnerable software versionsServer Applications Module: 15-SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro for Rancher: 5.3
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15: SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15: SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15: SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15: SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15: SP4
Basesystem Module: 15-SP4
openSUSE Leap Micro: 5.3
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro: 5.3
SUSE Manager Retail Branch Server: 4.3
SUSE Manager Server: 4.3
SUSE Manager Proxy: 4.3
openSUSE Leap: 15.4
xen-tools-xendomains-wait-disk: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-libs-32bit-debuginfo: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-libs-32bit: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-tools: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-tools-debuginfo: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-devel: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-tools-domU-debuginfo: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-doc-html: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-tools-domU: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-libs: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-libs-debuginfo: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-debugsource: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
CPE2.3- cpe:2.3:o:suse:server_applications_module:15-SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_micro_for_rancher:5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_server_for_sap_applications_15:SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_server_15:SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_real_time_15:SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_high_performance_computing_15:SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_desktop_15:SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:basesystem_module:15-SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:opensuse_leap_micro:5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_micro:5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_manager_retail_branch_server:4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_manager_server:4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_manager_proxy:4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:opensuse_leap:15.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-tools-xendomains-wait-disk:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-libs-32bit-debuginfo:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-libs-32bit:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-tools:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-tools-debuginfo:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-devel:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-tools-domu-debuginfo:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-doc-html:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-tools-domu:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-libs:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-libs-debuginfo:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-debugsource:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
https://www.suse.com/support/update/announcement/2023/suse-su-20230848-1/
Q & A
Can this vulnerability be exploited remotely?
Yes. This vulnerability can be exploited by a remote authenticated privileged user via the Internet.
Is there known malware, which exploits this vulnerability?
No. We are not aware of malware exploiting this vulnerability.
3) Permissions, Privileges, and Access Controls
EUVDB-ID: #VU73894
Risk: Low
CVSSv4.0: 5.7 [CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U/U:Clear]
CVE-ID: CVE-2022-42333
CWE-ID:
CWE-264 - Permissions, Privileges, and Access Controls
Exploit availability: No
DescriptionThe vulnerability allows an attacker to perform a denial of service attack or escalate privileges on the system.
The vulnerability exists due to mishandling of pinned cache attributes, related to unbound number of controlled regions. An attacker controlling HVM guests can perform a denial of service (DoS) attack and potentially escalate privileges.
Update the affected package xen to the latest version.
Vulnerable software versionsServer Applications Module: 15-SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro for Rancher: 5.3
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15: SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15: SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15: SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15: SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15: SP4
Basesystem Module: 15-SP4
openSUSE Leap Micro: 5.3
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro: 5.3
SUSE Manager Retail Branch Server: 4.3
SUSE Manager Server: 4.3
SUSE Manager Proxy: 4.3
openSUSE Leap: 15.4
xen-tools-xendomains-wait-disk: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-libs-32bit-debuginfo: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-libs-32bit: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-tools: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-tools-debuginfo: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-devel: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-tools-domU-debuginfo: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-doc-html: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-tools-domU: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-libs: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-libs-debuginfo: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-debugsource: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
CPE2.3- cpe:2.3:o:suse:server_applications_module:15-SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_micro_for_rancher:5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_server_for_sap_applications_15:SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_server_15:SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_real_time_15:SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_high_performance_computing_15:SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_desktop_15:SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:basesystem_module:15-SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:opensuse_leap_micro:5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_micro:5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_manager_retail_branch_server:4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_manager_server:4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_manager_proxy:4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:opensuse_leap:15.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-tools-xendomains-wait-disk:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-libs-32bit-debuginfo:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-libs-32bit:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-tools:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-tools-debuginfo:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-devel:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-tools-domu-debuginfo:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-doc-html:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-tools-domu:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-libs:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-libs-debuginfo:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-debugsource:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
https://www.suse.com/support/update/announcement/2023/suse-su-20230848-1/
Q & A
Can this vulnerability be exploited remotely?
No. This vulnerability can be exploited locally. The attacker should have authentication credentials and successfully authenticate on the system.
Is there known malware, which exploits this vulnerability?
No. We are not aware of malware exploiting this vulnerability.
4) Permissions, Privileges, and Access Controls
EUVDB-ID: #VU73895
Risk: Low
CVSSv4.0: 5.7 [CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U/U:Clear]
CVE-ID: CVE-2022-42334
CWE-ID:
CWE-264 - Permissions, Privileges, and Access Controls
Exploit availability: No
DescriptionThe vulnerability allows an attacker to perform a denial of service attack or escalate privileges on the system.
The
vulnerability exists due to mishandling of pinned cache attributes,
related to improper serialization of installation and removal of regions. An attacker controlling
HVM guests can perform a denial of service (DoS) attack and potentially
escalate privileges.
Update the affected package xen to the latest version.
Vulnerable software versionsServer Applications Module: 15-SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro for Rancher: 5.3
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15: SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15: SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15: SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15: SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15: SP4
Basesystem Module: 15-SP4
openSUSE Leap Micro: 5.3
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro: 5.3
SUSE Manager Retail Branch Server: 4.3
SUSE Manager Server: 4.3
SUSE Manager Proxy: 4.3
openSUSE Leap: 15.4
xen-tools-xendomains-wait-disk: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-libs-32bit-debuginfo: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-libs-32bit: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-tools: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-tools-debuginfo: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-devel: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-tools-domU-debuginfo: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-doc-html: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-tools-domU: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-libs: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-libs-debuginfo: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
xen-debugsource: before 4.16.3_06-150400.4.25.1
CPE2.3- cpe:2.3:o:suse:server_applications_module:15-SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_micro_for_rancher:5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_server_for_sap_applications_15:SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_server_15:SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_real_time_15:SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_high_performance_computing_15:SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_desktop_15:SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:basesystem_module:15-SP4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:opensuse_leap_micro:5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_micro:5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_manager_retail_branch_server:4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_manager_server:4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_manager_proxy:4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:o:suse:opensuse_leap:15.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-tools-xendomains-wait-disk:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-libs-32bit-debuginfo:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-libs-32bit:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-tools:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-tools-debuginfo:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-devel:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-tools-domu-debuginfo:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-doc-html:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-tools-domu:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-libs:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-libs-debuginfo:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
- cpe:2.3:a:suse:xen-debugsource:*:*:*:*:*:suse_linux:*:*
https://www.suse.com/support/update/announcement/2023/suse-su-20230848-1/
Q & A
Can this vulnerability be exploited remotely?
No. This vulnerability can be exploited locally. The attacker should have authentication credentials and successfully authenticate on the system.
Is there known malware, which exploits this vulnerability?
No. We are not aware of malware exploiting this vulnerability.
