Risk | High |
Patch available | YES |
Number of vulnerabilities | 11 |
CVE-ID | CVE-2024-10458 CVE-2024-10459 CVE-2024-10460 CVE-2024-10461 CVE-2024-10462 CVE-2024-10463 CVE-2024-10464 CVE-2024-10465 CVE-2024-10466 CVE-2024-10467 CVE-2024-11159 |
CWE-ID | CWE-264 CWE-416 CWE-357 CWE-79 CWE-451 CWE-200 CWE-399 CWE-119 |
Exploitation vector | Network |
Public exploit | N/A |
Vulnerable software |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Workstation Extension 15 Operating systems & Components / Operating system SUSE Package Hub 15 Operating systems & Components / Operating system SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15 Operating systems & Components / Operating system openSUSE Leap Operating systems & Components / Operating system SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 Operating systems & Components / Operating system SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 Operating systems & Components / Operating system SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 Operating systems & Components / Operating system SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP4 LTSS Operating systems & Components / Operating system SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro Operating systems & Components / Operating system SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 Operating systems & Components / Operating system MozillaThunderbird-translations-common Operating systems & Components / Operating system package or component MozillaThunderbird Operating systems & Components / Operating system package or component MozillaThunderbird-debugsource Operating systems & Components / Operating system package or component MozillaThunderbird-translations-other Operating systems & Components / Operating system package or component MozillaThunderbird-debuginfo Operating systems & Components / Operating system package or component |
Vendor | SUSE |
Security Bulletin
This security bulletin contains information about 11 vulnerabilities.
EUVDB-ID: #VU99480
Risk: Medium
CVSSv3.1: 4.7 [CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N/E:U/RL:O/RC:C]
CVE-ID: CVE-2024-10458
CWE-ID:
CWE-264 - Permissions, Privileges, and Access Controls
Exploit availability: No
DescriptionThe vulnerability allows a remote attacker to bypass implemented security restrictions.
The vulnerability exists due to a permission leak via embed or object elements. A remote attacker can create a specially crafted webpage that embeds a trusted website and force the browser to inherit permissions from this trusted website.
Update the affected package MozillaThunderbird to the latest version.
Vulnerable software versionsSUSE Linux Enterprise Workstation Extension 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Package Hub 15: 15-SP5 - 15-SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15: SP5 - SP6
openSUSE Leap: 15.5 - 15.6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP4 LTSS: 15-SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro: 5.5
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15: SP5
MozillaThunderbird-translations-common: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debugsource: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-translations-other: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debuginfo: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
CPE2.3http://www.suse.com/support/update/announcement/2024/suse-su-20244050-1/
Q & A
Can this vulnerability be exploited remotely?
Yes. This vulnerability can be exploited by a remote non-authenticated attacker via the Internet.
Is there known malware, which exploits this vulnerability?
No. We are not aware of malware exploiting this vulnerability.
EUVDB-ID: #VU99481
Risk: High
CVSSv3.1: 7.7 [CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:U/RL:O/RC:C]
CVE-ID: CVE-2024-10459
CWE-ID:
CWE-416 - Use After Free
Exploit availability: No
DescriptionThe vulnerability allows a remote attacker to compromise vulnerable system.
The vulnerability exists due to a use-after-free error in layout with accessibility. A remote attacker can trick the victim into visiting a specially crafted website, trigger a use-after-free error and execute arbitrary code on the system.
Successful exploitation of the vulnerability may allow an attacker to compromise vulnerable system.
MitigationUpdate the affected package MozillaThunderbird to the latest version.
Vulnerable software versionsSUSE Linux Enterprise Workstation Extension 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Package Hub 15: 15-SP5 - 15-SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15: SP5 - SP6
openSUSE Leap: 15.5 - 15.6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP4 LTSS: 15-SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro: 5.5
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15: SP5
MozillaThunderbird-translations-common: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debugsource: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-translations-other: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debuginfo: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
CPE2.3http://www.suse.com/support/update/announcement/2024/suse-su-20244050-1/
Q & A
Can this vulnerability be exploited remotely?
Yes. This vulnerability can be exploited by a remote non-authenticated attacker via the Internet.
Is there known malware, which exploits this vulnerability?
No. We are not aware of malware exploiting this vulnerability.
EUVDB-ID: #VU99484
Risk: Low
CVSSv3.1: 3.8 [CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N/E:U/RL:O/RC:C]
CVE-ID: CVE-2024-10460
CWE-ID:
CWE-357 - Insufficient UI Warning of Dangerous Operations
Exploit availability: No
DescriptionThe vulnerability allows a remote attacker to perform spoofing attack.
The vulnerability exists due to the origin of an external protocol handler prompt can be obscured using a "data:" URL within an iframe. A remote attacker can perform spoofing attack.
Update the affected package MozillaThunderbird to the latest version.
Vulnerable software versionsSUSE Linux Enterprise Workstation Extension 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Package Hub 15: 15-SP5 - 15-SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15: SP5 - SP6
openSUSE Leap: 15.5 - 15.6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP4 LTSS: 15-SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro: 5.5
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15: SP5
MozillaThunderbird-translations-common: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debugsource: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-translations-other: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debuginfo: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
CPE2.3http://www.suse.com/support/update/announcement/2024/suse-su-20244050-1/
Q & A
Can this vulnerability be exploited remotely?
Yes. This vulnerability can be exploited by a remote non-authenticated attacker via the Internet.
Is there known malware, which exploits this vulnerability?
No. We are not aware of malware exploiting this vulnerability.
EUVDB-ID: #VU99485
Risk: Medium
CVSSv3.1: 5.3 [CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N/E:U/RL:O/RC:C]
CVE-ID: CVE-2024-10461
CWE-ID:
CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Exploit availability: No
DescriptionThe disclosed vulnerability allows a remote attacker to perform cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks.
The vulnerability exists due to insufficient sanitization of user-supplied data when handling multipart/x-mixed-replace responses. A remote attacker can trick the victim to follow a specially crafted link and execute arbitrary HTML and script code in user's browser in context of any website.
Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may allow a remote attacker to steal potentially sensitive information, change appearance of the web page, perform phishing and drive-by-download attacks.
MitigationUpdate the affected package MozillaThunderbird to the latest version.
Vulnerable software versionsSUSE Linux Enterprise Workstation Extension 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Package Hub 15: 15-SP5 - 15-SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15: SP5 - SP6
openSUSE Leap: 15.5 - 15.6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP4 LTSS: 15-SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro: 5.5
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15: SP5
MozillaThunderbird-translations-common: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debugsource: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-translations-other: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debuginfo: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
CPE2.3http://www.suse.com/support/update/announcement/2024/suse-su-20244050-1/
Q & A
Can this vulnerability be exploited remotely?
Yes. This vulnerability can be exploited by a remote non-authenticated attacker via the Internet.
Is there known malware, which exploits this vulnerability?
No. We are not aware of malware exploiting this vulnerability.
EUVDB-ID: #VU99486
Risk: Medium
CVSSv3.1: 4.7 [CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N/E:U/RL:O/RC:C]
CVE-ID: CVE-2024-10462
CWE-ID:
CWE-451 - User Interface (UI) Misrepresentation of Critical Information (Clickjacking, spoofing)
Exploit availability: No
DescriptionThe vulnerability allows a remote attacker to perform spoofing attack.
The vulnerability exists due to the browser truncates long URLs when displaying origin of permission prompt. A remote attacker can perform a spoofing attack by providing an overly long URL that looks like a trusted domain name.
Update the affected package MozillaThunderbird to the latest version.
Vulnerable software versionsSUSE Linux Enterprise Workstation Extension 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Package Hub 15: 15-SP5 - 15-SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15: SP5 - SP6
openSUSE Leap: 15.5 - 15.6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP4 LTSS: 15-SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro: 5.5
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15: SP5
MozillaThunderbird-translations-common: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debugsource: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-translations-other: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debuginfo: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
CPE2.3http://www.suse.com/support/update/announcement/2024/suse-su-20244050-1/
Q & A
Can this vulnerability be exploited remotely?
Yes. This vulnerability can be exploited by a remote non-authenticated attacker via the Internet.
Is there known malware, which exploits this vulnerability?
No. We are not aware of malware exploiting this vulnerability.
EUVDB-ID: #VU99482
Risk: Low
CVSSv3.1: 3.8 [CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N/E:U/RL:O/RC:C]
CVE-ID: CVE-2024-10463
CWE-ID:
CWE-200 - Information exposure
Exploit availability: No
DescriptionThe vulnerability allows a remote attacker to gain access to potentially sensitive information.
The vulnerability exists due to a cross-origin video frame leak. A remote attacker can trick the victim into visiting a specially crafted website and access video frames cross-origin from a different browser tab.
Update the affected package MozillaThunderbird to the latest version.
Vulnerable software versionsSUSE Linux Enterprise Workstation Extension 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Package Hub 15: 15-SP5 - 15-SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15: SP5 - SP6
openSUSE Leap: 15.5 - 15.6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP4 LTSS: 15-SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro: 5.5
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15: SP5
MozillaThunderbird-translations-common: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debugsource: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-translations-other: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debuginfo: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
CPE2.3http://www.suse.com/support/update/announcement/2024/suse-su-20244050-1/
Q & A
Can this vulnerability be exploited remotely?
Yes. This vulnerability can be exploited by a remote non-authenticated attacker via the Internet.
Is there known malware, which exploits this vulnerability?
No. We are not aware of malware exploiting this vulnerability.
EUVDB-ID: #VU99487
Risk: Low
CVSSv3.1: 3.8 [CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L/E:U/RL:O/RC:C]
CVE-ID: CVE-2024-10464
CWE-ID:
CWE-399 - Resource Management Errors
Exploit availability: No
DescriptionThe vulnerability allows a remote attacker to perform a denial of service (DoS) attack.
The vulnerability exists due to repeated writes to history interface attributes. A remote attacker can crash the browser.
Update the affected package MozillaThunderbird to the latest version.
Vulnerable software versionsSUSE Linux Enterprise Workstation Extension 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Package Hub 15: 15-SP5 - 15-SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15: SP5 - SP6
openSUSE Leap: 15.5 - 15.6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP4 LTSS: 15-SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro: 5.5
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15: SP5
MozillaThunderbird-translations-common: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debugsource: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-translations-other: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debuginfo: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
CPE2.3http://www.suse.com/support/update/announcement/2024/suse-su-20244050-1/
Q & A
Can this vulnerability be exploited remotely?
Yes. This vulnerability can be exploited by a remote non-authenticated attacker via the Internet.
Is there known malware, which exploits this vulnerability?
No. We are not aware of malware exploiting this vulnerability.
EUVDB-ID: #VU99488
Risk: Low
CVSSv3.1: 3.8 [CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N/E:U/RL:O/RC:C]
CVE-ID: CVE-2024-10465
CWE-ID:
CWE-357 - Insufficient UI Warning of Dangerous Operations
Exploit availability: No
DescriptionThe vulnerability allows a remote attacker to perform spoofing attack.
The vulnerability exists due to a clipboard "paste" button persists across different tabs. A remote attacker can trick the victim into pasting content into a malicious tab.
Update the affected package MozillaThunderbird to the latest version.
Vulnerable software versionsSUSE Linux Enterprise Workstation Extension 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Package Hub 15: 15-SP5 - 15-SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15: SP5 - SP6
openSUSE Leap: 15.5 - 15.6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP4 LTSS: 15-SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro: 5.5
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15: SP5
MozillaThunderbird-translations-common: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debugsource: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-translations-other: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debuginfo: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
CPE2.3http://www.suse.com/support/update/announcement/2024/suse-su-20244050-1/
Q & A
Can this vulnerability be exploited remotely?
Yes. This vulnerability can be exploited by a remote non-authenticated attacker via the Internet.
Is there known malware, which exploits this vulnerability?
No. We are not aware of malware exploiting this vulnerability.
EUVDB-ID: #VU99489
Risk: Low
CVSSv3.1: 3.8 [CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L/E:U/RL:O/RC:C]
CVE-ID: CVE-2024-10466
CWE-ID:
CWE-399 - Resource Management Errors
Exploit availability: No
DescriptionThe vulnerability allows a remote attacker to perform a denial of service (DoS) attack.
The vulnerability exists due to improper management of internal resources within the application when handling DOM push subscriptions. A remote attacker can send specially crafted data to the browser and crash it.
Update the affected package MozillaThunderbird to the latest version.
Vulnerable software versionsSUSE Linux Enterprise Workstation Extension 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Package Hub 15: 15-SP5 - 15-SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15: SP5 - SP6
openSUSE Leap: 15.5 - 15.6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP4 LTSS: 15-SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro: 5.5
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15: SP5
MozillaThunderbird-translations-common: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debugsource: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-translations-other: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debuginfo: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
CPE2.3http://www.suse.com/support/update/announcement/2024/suse-su-20244050-1/
Q & A
Can this vulnerability be exploited remotely?
Yes. This vulnerability can be exploited by a remote non-authenticated attacker via the Internet.
Is there known malware, which exploits this vulnerability?
No. We are not aware of malware exploiting this vulnerability.
EUVDB-ID: #VU99490
Risk: High
CVSSv3.1: 7.7 [CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:U/RL:O/RC:C]
CVE-ID: CVE-2024-10467
CWE-ID:
CWE-119 - Memory corruption
Exploit availability: No
DescriptionThe vulnerability allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code on the target system.
The vulnerability exists due to a boundary error when processing HTML content. A remote attacker can create a specially crafted website, trick the victim into opening it, trigger memory corruption and execute arbitrary code on the target system.
Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may result in complete compromise of vulnerable system.
MitigationUpdate the affected package MozillaThunderbird to the latest version.
Vulnerable software versionsSUSE Linux Enterprise Workstation Extension 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Package Hub 15: 15-SP5 - 15-SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15: SP5 - SP6
openSUSE Leap: 15.5 - 15.6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP4 LTSS: 15-SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro: 5.5
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15: SP5
MozillaThunderbird-translations-common: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debugsource: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-translations-other: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debuginfo: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
CPE2.3http://www.suse.com/support/update/announcement/2024/suse-su-20244050-1/
Q & A
Can this vulnerability be exploited remotely?
Yes. This vulnerability can be exploited by a remote non-authenticated attacker via the Internet.
Is there known malware, which exploits this vulnerability?
No. We are not aware of malware exploiting this vulnerability.
EUVDB-ID: #VU100447
Risk: Low
CVSSv3.1: 3.8 [CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N/E:U/RL:O/RC:C]
CVE-ID: CVE-2024-11159
CWE-ID:
CWE-200 - Information exposure
Exploit availability: No
DescriptionThe vulnerability allows a remote attacker to gain access to potentially sensitive information.
The vulnerability exists due to an error when handling remote content in in OpenPGP encrypted message. A remote attacker can gain contents of an encrypted message.
Update the affected package MozillaThunderbird to the latest version.
Vulnerable software versionsSUSE Linux Enterprise Workstation Extension 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Package Hub 15: 15-SP5 - 15-SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15: SP5 - SP6
openSUSE Leap: 15.5 - 15.6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15: SP5 - SP6
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP4 LTSS: 15-SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro: 5.5
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15: SP5
MozillaThunderbird-translations-common: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debugsource: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-translations-other: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
MozillaThunderbird-debuginfo: before 128.4.3-150200.8.188.1
CPE2.3http://www.suse.com/support/update/announcement/2024/suse-su-20244050-1/
Q & A
Can this vulnerability be exploited remotely?
Yes. This vulnerability can be exploited by a remote non-authenticated attacker via the Internet.
Is there known malware, which exploits this vulnerability?
No. We are not aware of malware exploiting this vulnerability.